The principles of thermodynamics are so well established, both theoretically and experimentally, that proposals for perpetual motion machines are universally dismissed by physicists. Any proposed perpetual motion design offers a potentially instructive challenge to physicists: one is certain that it cannot work, so one must explain how it fails to work. The difficulty (and the value) of such an exercise depends on the subtlety of the proposal; the best ones tend to arise from physicists' own thought experiments and often shed light upon certain aspects of physics.
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A perpetual motion machine is a machine that keeps on going without any energy loss. Scientists agree that this is impossible because of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
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The output work power of heat engines is always smaller than the input heating power. The rest of the heat energy supplied is wasted Vencedor heat to the ambient surroundings. The thermal efficiency therefore has a maximum, given by the Carnot efficiency, which is always less than one.
To extract work from heat, thus producing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, the most common approach (dating back at least to Maxwell's demon) is unidirectionality. Only molecules moving fast enough and in the right direction are allowed through the demon's trap door. In a Brownian ratchet, forces tending to turn the ratchet one way are able to do check here so while forces in the other direction are not. A diode in a heat bath allows through currents in one direction and not the other.
One classification of perpetual motion machines refers to the particular law of thermodynamics the machines purport to violate:[19]
A rejection [of a patent application] on the ground of lack of utility includes the more specific grounds of inoperativeness, involving perpetual motion.
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